![]() ![]() When walking or running on positive gradients, both the minimum Cw and the Cr increase as a function of the incline. Cr is also affected by the foot landing patterns, which allow a different efficiency of leg muscles and tendons ( 2) and increase when muscles are fatigued ( 5). Adding a 1-kg load on the lower limbs increases Cr up to 7%, depending on where masses are added ( 16). Both Cw and Cr depend on the characteristics of the terrain, resulting higher on soft than on hard ground ( 13, 27). Cw varies as a function of the speed, showing a minimum value at ∼1.3 m/s. The energy costs of level walking (Cw) and running (Cr) in humans have been extensively investigated (e.g., Refs. The estimated maximum running speeds on positive gradients corresponded to those adopted in uphill races on negative gradients they were well above those attained in downhill competitions. Downhill, Cr was some 40% lower than reported in the literature for sedentary subjects. The optimum gradients for mountain paths approximated 0.20–0.30 for both gaits. The mechanical efficiencies of walking and running above +0.15 and below −0.15 attained those of concentric and eccentric muscular contraction, respectively. At steeper slopes, it increased to reach 3.92 ± 0.81 J It increased on positive slopes, attained 18.93 ± 1.74 J m −1 on the level, independent of speed. ![]() At steeper slopes, it increased to reach 3.46 ± 0.95 J ![]() It increased on positive slopes, attained 17.33 ± 1.11 J m −1 at a 1.0 ± 0.3 m/s speed on the level.The costs of walking (Cw) and running (Cr) were measured on 10 runners on a treadmill inclined between −0.45 to +0.45 at different speeds. ![]()
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